19 世紀以來,隨著西方的處于快速發展,歐洲人來到了中國,西方的文化也隨之東來,而一些西方著作開始被翻譯成中文。鴉片戰爭前后是西學翻譯的一個重要時期。
近代中國的西學東傳活動可以追溯到鴉片戰爭前夕。主要翻譯者是傳教士,比如馬禮遜、米憐、裨治文、郭實臘,他們介紹內容的主體是宗教教義,同時也將西方的歷史、地理知識帶到中國,其介紹方式為創辦學校(如馬禮遜創辦的英華書院)、翻譯西書(如《圣經》)、編纂雜志、撰寫書籍等等。這一階段的西學東傳為近代西學東傳活動奠定了基礎、培養了人才。
鴉片戰爭后的西學東傳,主要是指鴉片戰后到第二次鴉片戰爭結束。這一時期的西學東傳主導者是地主階級改革派如林則徐、魏源等人,同時傳教士的西學東傳規模不斷擴大。林則徐組織的西學東傳有效地了解了世界的當時局勢,魏源及其《海國圖志》代表著當時西學東傳成果應用的最高峰,書中提出的學習西方,仿制槍炮、重視工商、介紹西方民主政治制度,都是當時西學東傳成果的具體應用。傳教士成立了近代中國最早的一批印書館,他們對印刷技術的革新推動了中國近代印刷出版業的發展。
自進入近代以來,中國的西學東傳便表現出三個特征:一是西學東傳傳播基地的變化,從馬六甲、澳門等地轉變為五個通商口岸。這是時代帶來的變化,也是鴉片戰爭后20 年特有的局面。二是中國人主動譯書的出現與西學東傳目的的改變,鴉片戰爭之后,開明官僚開始從事以師夷長技以制夷為目的的學習西方活動,這些活動中的一部分重要內容就是進行西方政治、歷史、社會知識的翻譯和介紹。三是西學翻譯活動本身的進步性。這種進步性體現在翻譯內容的寬泛、印刷技術的進步、譯書組織的出現以及翻譯方式的轉變,具體來說,就是翻譯的內容中,宗教著作的數目減少,翻譯方式由西人為主開始轉變為中西合譯。
鴉片戰爭前后的西學東傳對中國近代社會產生了極為重要的影響:第一,西學東傳成功的將西方宗教引入中國,拓展了西方宗教的傳播空間。第二,豐富了中國人的知識、擴大了視野,比如近代世界地理觀念的形成、近代西方科技的接受以及近代資本主義制度的了解和介紹。第三,促進了中國近代翻譯事業的發展??偠灾?,鴉片戰爭前后的西學東傳,對中國近代社會的影響具有無可替代的意義。
關鍵詞:鴉片戰爭;西學;傳教士;翻譯
Abstract
Since 19thcentury, with the rapid development in the west, Europeans, with the westernculture, came to China. Then some western works began to be translated into Chinese. Thetime of the opium war is an important period of western translation.
Western translation activities in modern China can be traced back to the eve of the opiumwar. Main translators are preachers, who translated lots of religious teachings, at the sametime also brought western history and geography knowledge to China. It paved the way forthe modern western translation activities, cultivating the talents.
During the opium war to the end of the second opium war, the main translators are thelandlord class reformers such as Lin Zexu and Wei yuan, and the western missionariestranslated the scale expands unceasingly. Lin Zexu's translation is helpful to understand thesituation of the world at that time, Wei Yuan and his works represents the highest peak ofwestern translation achievements application at the time, who introduced the imitation guns,importance of the industry and commerce, the western democratic political system, is thewestern translation results for specific applications. Missionaries established the first press inmodern China, and their printing technology innovation promoted the development of modernprinting and publishing industry in China.
Since modern times, China's western translations show three characteristics: First, thespread of western learning translation changes, from Malacca, Macao and other places to fivetrading ports. This is the change of the age and the characteristic of the 20 years after theopium war. Second, the emergence of the Chinese translation press actively and westerntranslation purpose changes, after the opium war, the enlightened bureaucrats began to masterthe skills of the barbarians to western learning activities for the purpose of these activities arepart of important content is the western politics, history, the translation and introduction ofknowledge society. Third, the activity's the progressive western translation. This progressiveembodied in the translation content is broad, the progress of printing technology, theemergence of translation press organizations and change the way of translation, in particular,is the translation of the content, reducing the number of religious works, the translation by thewesterners give priority to start into Chinese and western elements.
The western translation during this period has very important influence on modern Chinesesociety: first, introducing western religious to China, to expand the spread of westernreligious Spaces. Second, enriched the knowledge, broaden the vision of Chinese, such as theformation of the modern world geography concept, modern western science and technologyacceptance and understanding and introduction of modern capitalism. Third, it promoted thedevelopment of modern Chinese translation career. In short, the influence of western learningtranslation during this period has irreplaceable significance to the modern society of China.
Keywords: Opium War; Western Culture; Preachers; Translation
目 錄
導 論
(一)選題由來及意義
1.選題理由
2.學術價值
3.現實意義
(二)學術史綜述
1.資料來源
2.學術史綜述
(三)學術要點
1.本文重點
2.本文難點
3.本文創新點
(四)相關界定
1.時間
2.西學東傳
一、西學東傳的時代背景
(一)世界的發展與中國的停滯
(二)列強東來與西學東漸
(三)古老帝國的內部應變--經世致用
二、鴉片戰爭前的西學東傳
(一)英華書院及其早期翻譯
1.英華書院概況
2.馬禮遜與《圣經》、《華英字典》編譯
3.其它東傳活動
(二)裨治文與《美理哥合省國志略》
1.裨治文其人
2.《美理哥合省國志略》的主要內容
3.《美理哥合省國志略》的影響
(三)郭實臘與《東西洋考每月統記傳》
1.郭實臘創辦《東西洋考每月統記傳》
2.《東西洋考每月統記傳》的主要內容
三、鴉片戰爭后西學東傳的快速發展
(一)地主階級改革派對西學的引入
1.“開眼看世界”的林則徐
2.魏源與《海國圖志》
3.徐繼畬與《瀛寰志略》
(二)傳教士的西學東傳
1.鴉片戰爭后傳教士的西學翻譯機構
2.傳教士西學翻譯的主要內容
3.傳教士西學翻譯的特點
4.中國知識分子在西學翻譯中的作用和地位
四、鴉片戰爭前后西學東傳的時代特征分析
(一)近代西學東傳基地的變化:通商口岸
(二)國人主動介入與師夷長技的目的
(三)翻譯活動本身的進步性和時代性
五、西學傳入對中國社會近代化的影響
(一)拓展了西方宗教的傳播空間
(二)開闊了中國人的視野
(三)促進了近代翻譯學的發展
結 語
參考文獻
后 記