關鍵詞: 滴灌施肥; 滴頭; 堵塞; 風險; 機理。
Abstract: The inducing mechanism of emitters clogging with fertigation was explored. A laboratoryexperiment was conducted to investigate the influence of three factors ( fertilizer types, fertilizerconcentration and flow path structure) on anti-clogging performance of drip emitters. The intermittent dripirrigation experiment was studied by using two flow path types of non-pressure compensating emitters( arc-shaped saw-tooth and cup-shaped saw-tooth) ,four levels of fertilization concentration ( 0. 5%,1. 0% ,2. 0% and 3. 0% ) and four types of fertilizer ( urea,calcium superphosphate,potassium sulfateand water soluble compound fertilizer) and the system was allowed to run for 20 h. The mathematicalanalysis methods in combination with field scanning electron microscope ( FESM) ,energy dispersivespectrometer ( EDS ) and X-ray diffraction ( XRD ) technology were then used to quantitatively andqualitatively analyze the variations of the emitter's average relative flow rate,surface topographicalcharacteristics and components of the clogging materials internal emitters. Results showed that fertilizercharacteristic was an important factor in deciding the emitter clogging type and degree ( P < 0. 01) ,andthe influence of the two flow path structures on the accelerating effect of emitter clogging performanceneeded to consider the path structural size and style. The accelerating effect of fertilizer application onemitter was not obvious when the concentration of fertilizer solution was less than 0. 5% . When theconcentration was increased to 0. 5% ~ 2. 0% ,there were obvious changes in the quantities of outflowdischarge occurred in phosphate-fertigation,which made it clog easily,followed with urea-fertigation,theapplicability of potassium-fertigation and compound-fertigation was better than that of the former. Whenthe concentration was risen to 2. 0% ~ 3. 0% or higher,the clogging degree was so serious with urea-fertigation,the flow rate was decreased by 10. 26% ,which was significantly higher than those ofphosphate-fertigation ( 7. 85% ) ,potassium-fertigation ( 4. 07% ) and compound-fertigation ( 2. 74% ) .Fertilization can promote the clogging of the emitters. These fertilizer types had different water quality,hence resulting into different emitter clogging risk and inducing mechanism. Emitters clogging with ureafertigation were caused by the role of aggregation and adhesion with both crystallization of the molecularurea state and suspended particles in the water. The adsorption function that particulate impurities tophosphorus promoted flocculation while precipitation among solid particles was as a result of inducingmechanism of emitter clogging with phosphate fertigation. The main inducing mechanism for emitterclogging with potassium-fertigation was chemical precipitation because of the ion-exchange action,whileemitter clogging with compound-fertigation had the lowest risk. Therefore,fertigation with differentfertilizer types should adopt different emitter clogging controlling management strategy.
Key words: fertigation; emitter; clogging; risk; mechanism.
引言。
滴灌施肥是定量供給作物水分和養分并維持土壤適宜水肥濃度的有效方法,其精量性可改善旱地農業水肥資源利用現狀、緩解水資源危機、促進作物生長[1],也是旱地農業技術未來發展的研究重點。水中大量礦物微粒、肥料離子和細小固體懸浮顆粒大大提高了滴頭堵塞風險,而滴頭堵塞又直接決定了滴灌系統的使用壽命及經濟效益[2 -3].已有研究表明,水體中高濃度的 Ca2 +、Mg2 +、HCO3 -、SO2 -4等無機離子組分以及相對較高的 pH 值,是造成滴頭流道淤積的重要因素[4].然而,施肥滴灌改變水源中營養物質的種類、濃度、水中懸浮顆粒數量、水溫、pH 值、電導率等參數,導致各類溶質在流道內水流紊動作用下相互碰撞、吸附、團聚、沉淀形成的堵塞淤積規律改變,由此誘發堵塞風險更高,堵塞機制更為復雜且與施肥濃度呈正相關[5 -13],滴頭有效率僅為50% ~75%[14].其中,小流量滴頭高濃度施肥條件滴頭堵塞程度最高,且含有 P、Ca、Mg、Fe、S 的肥料類型可顯著提高誘發滴頭堵塞的風險[15 -16].因此,研究施肥滴灌過程中,滴頭堵塞過程及形成機理對于防治水肥一體化過程中滴頭堵塞,提高滴灌系統運行效率具有重要意義。但以往研究僅針對單一流道結構,或者單一肥料類型,在不同肥料類型和濃度條件下對于不同結構形式流道加速滴頭堵塞的風險是否一致,誘發堵塞的機理是否相同,這些問題都還有待于進一步研究和確認。
本文選用 2 種結構形式流道滴頭,在 4 種不同肥料類型及 4 種肥料濃度梯度條件下,在對施肥滴灌滴頭流量變化過程測試基礎上,討論施肥滴灌滴頭堵塞的發生規律,并借助裝有能譜儀( EDS) 的場發射掃描電鏡( FESEM,S-4800 型,日立) 對堵塞物質表面形貌進行顯微分析和元素分析,同時配合采用 X 射線衍射儀( XRD,D8 Adance,Bruker) 確定不同肥料類型滴灌誘發滴頭堵塞主要物質的化學組分,揭示滴頭堵塞的誘發機制,評估和預測滴頭堵塞風險,旨在為水肥滴灌影響下合理防治滴頭堵塞管理策略提供理論依據。
1 材料與方法。
1. 1 試驗材料制備。
試驗用水為陜西楊凌示范區居民自來水,通過環境保護局 2015-2016 年最新監測數據來看,符合我國農田灌溉用水水質標準[17]( 表 1) ,細菌數小于1 CFU / mL,短周期滴灌可忽略生物堵塞的影響,故該水質條件下研究水肥特性對滴頭堵塞影響的試驗結果具有一定的代表性。試驗選用滴頭參數如表 2所示。
試驗選用 4 種可溶性肥料,分別為氮肥、磷肥、鉀肥和復合肥。氮肥為尿素( 云南三環化工股份有限公司) ,分子式 CO( NH2)2,粒徑 1 ~2 mm 的半透明粒子。尿素極易溶于水且無任何雜質,溶液呈透明狀。試驗用磷肥為過磷酸鈣( 河北省礬山磷礦有限公 司) ,含 磷 組 分 為 磷 酸 二 氫 鈣 的 水 合 物Ca( H2PO4)2·H2O,雜質為硫酸鈣、二氧化硅和少量游離的磷酸和硫酸,常溫下是灰白色粉末。過磷酸鈣含有效 P2O5質量分數 14% ~ 20% ( 其中80% ~95% 溶于水) ,屬于水溶性速效磷肥。制備磷肥水溶液時,攪拌后溶液渾濁,溶液底部存在大量灰色粉末狀沉淀,待過磷酸鈣顆粒在玻璃燒杯中充分溶解、靜置后,取上清液透明液體,經濃度檢測后作為試驗材料。試驗用鉀肥為硫酸鉀( 山東魯豐鉀肥有限公司) ,硫酸鉀含 K2O 質量分數 50% ~ 54% ,淡灰色微晶體粉末狀。制備硫酸鉀溶液過程中,經充分攪拌溶解后溶液底層沉積灰白色沉淀同時肥液表層懸浮白色包膜材料,待靜置分層經過濾后取上清液,經濃度檢測后作試驗材料。復合肥采用臨沂沃夫特復合肥有限公司生產的全水溶高鉀型螯合態化肥,主要成分為尿素、磷酸二氫鉀、硝酸鉀,其中氮、磷和鉀質量比為 16∶ 6∶ 28.該肥料極易溶于水,溶液呈淡藍色透明狀。