本篇論文目錄導航：

【題目】 “以人為本”與“人本主義”的關系和區別探討
【緒論】科學發展觀的以人為本思想的特點研究緒論
【1.1 1.2】中國傳統文化的人本主義思想
【1.3】馬克思的人本主義思想
【第二章】以人為本是對人本主義的繼承與超越
【3.1 - 3.4】科學發展觀以“人民利益”為根本
【3.5】 “以人為本”的科學發展觀以“實踐性生成”為特征
【結語/參考文獻】我國政治思想中的以人為本理念研究結語與參考文獻



摘 要

以人為本是科學發展觀的核心，是對中國傳統人本主義思想、西方人本主義思想的有機整合，也是對馬克思主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想價值觀的繼承、豐富和發展。它有助于促進人的全面發展，實現人與自然與社會和諧發展，有助于促進全人類以人為本思想的永續發展，是人類科學發展的思想基礎。

“人本主義”是西方哲學發展中的重要思潮，它在反對“神本”、“物本”、“權本”等各種對人的異化現象中產生、發展，它弘揚了人的主體性，確立起人在世界中的基礎和中心地位。以人為本與人本主義既有相互的關系，又有本質的區別。兩者度強調人的主體地位，使人們從各種束縛中擺脫出來，尊重人的人格和尊嚴；強調人的自由自主性、實踐性和能動性。人本主義強調的是抽象的人， 而“以人為本”強調具體現實的人；人本主義強調個人的人權， “以人為本” 強調人民的利益；人本主義只是以人為手段， 而“以人為本”把人作為目的又作為手段。人本主義的建立，是在西方人反對神凌駕于人之上，中國共產黨提出的“以人為本”則是真正的把人看成是社會的主體，真正把人民看成是國家的主人，把人民的權力由書面轉向實際生活，使人們真實地感到與自己息息相關，堅持以人民群眾的根本利益為出發點，努力把人民群眾的物質文化生活提高上來。本文從以人為本和人本主義的關系和區別入手，使人們更加深入的了解科學發展觀的以人為本思想。

“以人為本”思想既不完全等同于我國古代的民本思想，也與西方人本主義有一定的區別，它建立在唯物主義歷史觀和馬克思主義人學理論基礎之上，從現實個人的生活世界出發，從社會歷史內部尋求社會發展的根本決定力量，它要求人的活動既要合乎人性發展的目的，又要合乎歷史發展規律，并且要反映社會歷史發展規律對活動主體的要求且積極實現這種要求，認為所謂的現實的人，就是為了滿足自身的需要而在社會中從事著實踐活動的人，是不可重復和取代的，從而達到每個人的自由全面發展的理想境界為目的的人。馬克思批判地繼承了人本主義所包含的有價值的思想成果，拋棄了關于“人”、“人道主義”、“人本主義”的抽象議論，轉向唯物主義，堅持了歷史唯物主義的基本立場和基本觀點，使以人為本實現了對人本主義的繼承與超越。

“以人為本”的科學發展觀是對歷史經驗和教訓的總結，歷史證明：一個社會主義國家如果不通過改革，調整社會主義社會的基本矛盾，不堅持解放和發展生產力，不以人民的利益為根本，不提高人民的生活水平，到頭來終會被顛覆。以胡錦濤為核心的黨中央，敏銳的看到了這些問題，認真總結了國內外發展的經驗和教訓，針對中國的國情提出以“人民群眾”為主體，以“人民利益”為根本，以“人民和諧”為表現，以“人與自然和諧”為保證，以“實踐性生成”為特征的科學發展觀，堅持把人民的利益維護好、實現好、發展好，讓全體人民享受到社會發展的成果，實現人的自由全面發展，實現人類社會的可持續發展。

關鍵詞：科學發展觀；人本主義；以人為本；辨析；超越

ABSTRACT

People-oriented is the core of the scientific concept of development , the organic integration oftraditional Chinese humanistic ideas, ideas of Western humanism , but also on the values of Marxism , MaoZedong Thought , Deng Xiaoping Theory and “ Three Represents ” important thought inheritance, rich anddevelopment . It helps to promote the comprehensive development of harmonious development betweenman and nature and society , and contribute to all mankind to the sustainable development ofpeople-oriented thinking , is the ideological foundation of the development of human science .

“Humanism” is an important trend in the development of western philosophy, it is in opposition to“the God”, “book”, “right”, all kinds of human alienation produced, development, it promotes the humansubjectivity, people establish the foundation and the center's position in the world. Human-oriented andhumanism which have mutual relation, have substaintial distinction. Both a human purpose as the main,emphasizes the role of human, make people free from all bondage, respect for human personality anddignity; emphasize the person's freedom of self-determination, practicality and activity; both have strongidentification sense of social responsibility, is the social development as the ultimate goal. Humanismemphasizes is the abstract person, but “people-oriented” emphasizes the concrete reality person; humanisticemphasis on individual rights, “people-oriented” emphasizes the interests of the people; humanism ispeople-oriented, and “people-oriented” regard people as the purpose and as a means of. The establishmentof humanism Westerners against God above the top of, the Communist Party of China put forward the“people-oriented” is the real man as the main body of the society, the people as masters of the country, thepeople's power is turned to real life by writing, so that people truly feel with their own life, Adhere to thefundamental interests of the masses of the people as the starting point, to the masses of the people'smaterial and cultural life up. This paper starts from the relationship and difference between humanism andhumanism, make people more in-depth understanding of scientific outlook on development ofpeople-oriented thought.

People-oriented thought is not completely equal to people-based thought in ancient China, and alsohas certain difference between them, human-basis doctrine,it is based on historical materialism and basedon marxist theory about studies, starting from the reality of individual life world, from the social andhistorical internal seek ultimate decision power of development of social history, it requires that theperson's activities should accord with the purpose of human development, and it makes historical law ofdevelopment, and should reflect the social and historical law of development and actively to therequirement of activity subject to achieve this requirement, that the so-called reality person, is in order tomeet our needs and is engaged in the practice in society, is not to repeat and replace, in order to achieve theideal of everyone's free overall development as the goal. Marx critically inherited the humanism containsvaluable ideological achievements, abandoned about “people”, the “humanitarian”, “humanism” abstractdiscussion, turned to materialism, adhere to the basic position of historical materialism and the basic pointof view, the humanist implements the inheritance and transcendence of humanism.

“People-oriented ” scientific development concept is a summary of the historical experience andlessons learned,history has proved that: a socialist state if not through the reform, adjust the basiccontradictions of socialist society, not stick to the liberation and development of the productive forces, notin the interests of the people as the basis, not to raise people's living standard, in the end will be reversed.

With hu jintao as general secretary of the CPC central committee, keen to see these issues, Conscientiouslysummed up the experiences and lessons of the development at home and abroad, according to China'snational conditions put forward by “the people” as the main body, to “the people's interests” as thefundamental, “people's harmony” to performance, in order to “man and nature harmony” as the guarantee,is characterized by “practical generation” of the scientific outlook on development, adhere to the interestsof the people safeguard, implementation, development is good, let all the people enjoy the fruits of socialdevelopment, and realize people's free all-round development, realize the sustainable development ofhuman society.

Key words: Scientific concept of development;Humanism;People-oriented;Discrimination;Transcend

目 錄

摘 要

ABSTRACT

緒 論

一、國內外研究狀況

二、科學發展觀提出的背景

（一）科學發展觀思想提出的國際背景

（二）科學發展觀思想提出的國內背景

三、科學發展觀的核心

四、選題意義

五、研究思路、研究方法和創新之處

第一章 人本主義是以人為本的思想來源之一

一、中國傳統文化的人本主義思想

（一）法家的人本主義思想

（二）儒家人本主義思想

二、西方近代人本主義思想

（一）古希臘時期人本主義思想源起

（二）文藝復興時期文化意義上的人本主義思想

（三）19 世紀空想社會主義的人本主義思想

三、馬克思的人本主義思想

（一）馬克思關于人的本質的理論

（二）馬克思主義“以人為本”的唯物史觀：必然與自由的統一

第二章 以人為本是對人本主義的繼承與超越

一、以人為本的含義

（一）以人為本中的“人”和“本”

（二）以人為本的內涵

二、以人為本和人本主義的聯系

三、以人為本和人本主義的區別

（一）“以人為本”強調現實的人，超越“人本主義”抽象的人

（二）“以人為本”強調人民的利益，超越“人本主義”的個體的人權

（三）“以人為本”把人作為目的與手段，超越“人本主義”的只“以人為手段”

第三章 科學發展觀的以人為本思想探析

一、科學發展觀以“人民群眾”為主體

二、科學發展觀以“人民利益”為根本

三、科學發展觀以“以人民和諧”為表現

四、科學發展觀以“人與自然和諧”為保證

五、“以人為本”的科學發展觀以“實踐性生成”為特征

（一）毛澤東以“為人民服務”為依托的人的發展思想

（二）鄧小平以“社會主義市場經濟”為手段的人本發展觀

（三）江澤民以“三個代表”為特征的人的發展思想

（四）胡錦濤以“科學發展觀”為表現的以人為本思想

結 語

參考文獻

致 謝