本篇論文目錄導航：
【題目】虛擬貨幣對微觀經濟的作用探究
【第一章】虛擬貨幣發展問題探析導論
【第二章】虛擬貨幣的概念界定
【3.1】初級虛擬貨幣的產生與發展
【3.2】初級虛擬貨幣的當前現狀分析
【第四章】虛擬貨幣的微觀經濟意義
【第五章】初級虛擬貨幣對微觀經濟主體的影響
【第六章】虛擬貨幣的發展方向
【參考文獻】虛擬貨幣與微觀經濟的關系研究參考文獻
論 文 摘 要
虛擬貨幣是否能對實體經濟產生影響這一爭論，在最近幾年都是經濟學前沿問題研究中的熱點問題。與此同時，互聯網還在不斷擴展著應用邊界，逐漸滲透到社會生活的各個角落，成為社會經濟、文化生活和個人生活的平臺，并在各個領域產生了重大的影響。
從目前的發展情況來看，虛擬貨幣的產生和發行大部分都是出自于企業行1家而言，研究虛擬貨幣的性質、對微觀經濟發展的作用、作用方式及作用程度，可以為國家產業經濟發展戰略的選擇、貨幣政策的制定提供重要的指導性意見。
而針對國外虛擬貨幣發展情況的普遍性研究，則可以總結出虛擬貨幣的發展趨勢和方向，為那些虛擬貨幣還處于萌芽和發展過程中的國家提供寶貴的經驗借鑒，從而避免“數字鴻溝”的進一步擴大。
目前，國內針對虛擬貨幣的討論有著迥然不同的態度和結論，或者視虛擬貨幣為洪水猛獸，或者認為虛擬貨幣發展前景黯淡。這些觀點對虛擬貨幣的評價都有一個前提，即以一種成熟的虛擬貨幣的標準，甚至是現實中信用貨幣的標準來衡量。因此，本文在分析和討論相關問題時，將虛擬貨幣分為初級和高級兩類，有利于客觀地分析虛擬貨幣的發展和未來方向。
本文以基于互聯網的虛擬貨幣作為研究對象，來探討其對微觀經濟的影響。
文章既立足于現狀，研究當前階段虛擬貨幣發展過程中存在的現實問題，又展望未來，初步探討了虛擬貨幣未來發展前景及相關問題。
全文共分四個部分，包括六個章節。第一部分介紹了選題的目的和意義，指出了本文所作研究的理論價值和實踐價值。明確界定了虛擬貨幣的概念，并且區分其不同的發展階段。從不同角度分析虛擬貨幣和現實貨幣、電子貨幣的區別與聯系，總結出虛擬的性質。第二部分通過分析我國當前的支付環境及存在問題，得出初級虛擬貨幣產生的原因，并且對初級虛擬貨幣當前國內和國外的發展進行了分析介紹。第三部分中的第四章和第五章是本文的主體部分，從網絡經濟學的角度討論了虛擬貨幣的經濟學含義，利用“成本-收入”方法分析了初級虛擬貨幣對微觀經濟主體的影響。第四部分介紹了當前初級虛擬貨幣虛擬銀行的出現，對全文的研究結論進行了簡要的總結，并引出虛擬貨幣的未來方向是統一。
本文從虛擬貨幣的網絡外部性入手討論了虛擬貨幣的經濟學含義，指出虛擬貨幣對于“網絡擁堵”問題是一個比較理想的解決方式。由于基于信息交流的需求和信息互動的影響，信息趨向于實體化。因此，虛擬貨幣不僅僅在經濟領域可以促進電子商務的進一步發展，而且在經濟研究領域能夠作為大規模虛擬經濟體的基礎，能夠以更低的成本來實現大規模的經濟實驗，為學術研究搭建起一個理想的實驗平臺。
利用“成本-收入”的分析方法研究初級虛擬貨幣對微觀經濟主體的影響，得出如下結論：初級虛擬貨幣的發行者在付出比較大的固定成本支出后，可以長期處在規模經濟的范圍內，享受網絡效應帶來的好處。接受初級虛擬貨幣支付的商家可以利用初級虛擬貨幣的網絡規模來增加銷售機會，使原本無法實現的微額實時支付、高頻率交易成為可能。初級虛擬貨幣健全了支付工具體系，提高經濟運行的效率，推動經濟更快發展。
基于本文的結論，總體而言，虛擬貨幣對一國微觀經濟影響作用在逐漸顯現出來，但是作用程度大小依據虛擬貨幣在各國的發展狀況而各不相同。由于當前初級虛擬貨幣的發行大多是非金融機構的企業行為，并且虛擬貨幣的迅猛發展是最近兩年的新興現象，因而相關的數據很難查詢和搜集整理，無法利用計量模型針對初級虛擬貨幣的發行和企業運營的關系進行實證分析研究，這是本文的最大不足。
關鍵詞：虛擬貨幣；網絡外部性；網上支付； 微觀經濟影響； 實體經濟
Abstract
In recent years, the argument over whether virtual currency can have aninfluence on the real economy is a hot topic of the frontiers in economics. At thesame time, the Internet continues to expand its application border, and graduallypenetrates into each corner of social life, bringing a significant impact upon variousfields of the society.
Judging from the present development of the virtual currency, the emergence andthe issue of virtual currencies are mostly the behavior of enterprises. However, withthe further evolution of the Internet and the development of the economicglobalization, the research of the virtual currency--about the nature, the influences onthe micro-economic development--can offer essential guidelines for theestablishment and implementation of the country's development strategy andmonetary policy. Whereas the study of foreign country cases, as conducted in thisarticle, which helps summarize the development trend and direction of virtualcurrency, can provide precious theoretical, as well as practical experiences for thoseLDCs to avoid the further expansion of the “digital divide” .
At present, the Chinese academicians' studies on the virtual currency havearrived at very different conclusions. Some regard virtual currency as the scourge,while others consider it no future. All these views share a common premise that theyjudge virtual currency by a mature monetary standard, or even by the credit currencystandards of the reality. Therefore, to analyze and discuss related issues, this articleclassifies virtual currency into two categories--elementary virtual currency andadvanced virtual currency, which is conducive to conduct an objective analysis of thedevelopment and future of virtual currency.
This article takes the Internet-based virtual currency as a study object to discussits influences on micro economy. The discussion is based on the status-quo, whichincludes the problems in the development of the virtual currency on the current stage,and also looks to the future, which discusses prospects and related issues of virtualcurrency.
The full text is divided into four parts, including six chapters. The first partintroduces the purpose and significance of this article, and points out that thetheoretical and practical value of the study. It clearly defines the concept of virtualcurrency, and distinguishes the two stages in the development of virtual currency.
From several different points of view, it points out the distinction and relationbetween the virtual currency and the traditional currency, as well as between thevirtual currency and the electronic currency. The nature of the virtual currency issummed up in this part. Through the study of domestic payment environment, thesecond part of this article finds out the primary reasons for the presence of the virtualcurrency. It introduces and analyzes domestic and foreign development of the virtualcurrency. The third part includes the chapter IV and V, which are the main part ofthis article. It discusses the microeconomic implication of the virtual currency fromthe viewpoint of the network economics. Adopting the “cost - income” method, itanalyzes the influences of Internet-based virtual currency on micro-economy. Thefourth part introduces the presence of virtual bank for the virtual currency, gives abrief summary of this article, and points out that the future of the virtual currency isreunification.
Through the study of the network externality of the virtual currency, this articlediscusses the microeconomics' implications of virtual currency, and concludes thatusing virtual currency is a better solution to “network congestion”. Because of thedemand on information exchange and the impact of information interaction,information develops towards substantiation. Therefore, the virtual currency can notonly promote the further development of electronic commerce in the economic field,but also serve as the foundation for the large-scale virtual economy entity in the fieldof the economic research, which can accomplish large-scale economic tests at lowercost. It can set up an ideal platform for academic research experiments.
Applying the “cost - income” method to study the influences of virtualcurrencies on micro-economy, this article reaches the following conclusions: Afterpaying relatively large fixed costs, the virtual currency issuers can benefit fromeconomies of scale and the network effects in the long-term. The companies thataccept the payment in elementary virtual currency can increase their sellingopportunities which are brought by the size of the elementary virtual currencynetwork, so that they could achieve the implementation of the micropayments andhigh-frequency transactions. The virtual currency can complete the payment system,improve the efficiency of the economy, and promote faster economic development.
Based on the analysis in this article, the influences of the virtual currency on acountry's micro-economy emerge gradually, but the intensity of the influences ongrowth varies from countries to countries. Because the elementary virtual currency isissued mainly by the non-financial institutions and enterprises, and the rapiddevelopment of the virtual currency is the emerging phenomenon in the last twoyears, it is very difficult to collect relevant data. Therefore, the article fails to provideempirical examinations with an econometric model to analyze the relationshipbetween the issue of the elementary virtual currency and business operations.
Keywords: virtual currency; network externality; online payment system;influences on micro-economy; real economy
目錄
第 1 章 導論
1.1 研究目的與意義
1.2 相關文獻綜述
1.3 本文結構
1.4 創新與不足
第 2 章 虛擬貨幣的概念界定
2.1 虛擬貨幣的定義
2.1.1 虛擬貨幣的概念
2.1.2 虛擬貨幣的特征
2.2 虛擬貨幣與現實貨幣的區別與聯系
2.2.1 虛擬貨幣與現實貨幣的區別
2.2.2 虛擬貨幣與現實貨幣的聯系
2.3 初級虛擬貨幣與電子貨幣的區別與聯系
2.3.1 初級虛擬貨幣與電子貨幣的區別
2.3.2 初級虛擬貨幣與電子貨幣的聯系
2.4 虛擬貨幣的性質
第 3 章 初級虛擬貨幣的產生與發展
3.1 初級虛擬貨幣的產生與發展
3.1.1 我國當前的支付環境及存在問題
3.1.2 初級虛擬貨幣產生的原因
3.2 初級虛擬貨幣的發展現狀分析
3.2.1 國內初級虛擬貨幣的發展分析
3.2.2 國外初級虛擬貨幣的發展分析
第 4 章 虛擬貨幣的微觀經濟意義
4.1 網絡外部性
4.2 虛擬貨幣與“網絡擁堵”
4.3 初級虛擬貨幣對電子商務的影響
4.4 初級虛擬貨幣與經濟研究
第 5 章 初級虛擬貨幣對微觀經濟主體的影響
5.1 初級虛擬貨幣的對發行者的影響
5.1.1 初級虛擬貨幣的發行成本
5.1.2 初級虛擬貨幣的發行收入
5.1.3 初級虛擬貨幣和其它電子貨幣的發行分析
5.2 初級虛擬貨幣對第三方商家的影響
5.2.1 第三方接受初級虛擬貨幣支付的成本
5.2.2 第三方接受初級虛擬貨幣支付的收入
5.3 小結
第 6 章 虛擬貨幣的發展方向
6.1 虛擬貨幣零售銀行
6.2 虛擬貨幣的統一將是未來的發展方向
參考文獻
致 謝
