水資源短缺和肥料利用率不高是限制我國農業發展的主要因素之一。如何在資源有限的條件下,充分利用水肥的增產效應對我國農業的發展具有重要的意義。西北地區地域遼闊,光熱土資源豐富,是我國重要的糧食生產基地之一,但是該區氣候干旱,降雨量少,蒸發量大,限制了農業的發展。推廣使用滴灌水肥一體化技術和簡易水肥一體化技術是解決水肥利用率低下的重要途徑。隨著我國農業集約化程度的提高,水肥一體化技術越來越受到重視,但是在推廣和應用中存在著很多的問題。本文在外出社會實踐工作的基礎上,針對水肥一體化技術推廣過程中存在的問題,結合實際情況運用查閱文獻的方法,對滴灌水肥一體化技術和簡易水肥一體化技術進行全面的分析,提出其在推廣應用中存在的問題及解決對策,得到以下主要結論:
(1)滴灌水肥一體化技術和簡易水肥一體化技術水肥一體化技術都具有節水、節肥、節省勞動力、提高經濟效益和水肥高效耦合的優勢,而且均能解決作物肥料利用率低,水資源浪費嚴重等問題,但是滴灌水肥一體化技術比簡易水肥一體化技術便于大規模自動化管理。盡管滴灌水肥一體化技術在實際使用過程中會出現管道堵塞和鹽分累積等問題,但只要滴灌設備選擇恰當,人為操作合理,這些問題是可以避免的。相對于簡易水肥一體化技術,滴灌水肥一體化技術首期投入高,這對于西北地區的農戶而言有一定的經濟壓力,而簡易水肥一體化技術很好的彌補了這個缺點,并適于小農戶種植規模。
(2)兩種水肥一體化技術在我國雖然發展較快,但是在推廣應用中存在著以下問題:高產高效機理研究較少;配套設備及高端全水溶肥研發較少;缺乏水肥方面專業人才指導;技術推廣手段落后;普及力度弱,阻礙其推廣發展;技術推廣中農民的主體意識不強;農戶學習途徑水肥一體化的很少;政府對技術推廣支撐不足,缺乏監管。針對上述兩種水肥一體化技術推廣應用中出現的問題,提出了以下建議:堅持政府引導、國家政策扶持;堅持因地制宜,合理布局的原則;加強水肥一體化技術基礎性研究;加大農業科技技術推廣投入力度;大力宣傳,做好培訓工作。
綜上所述,要促進水肥一體化技術的廣泛使用,既要依靠技術創新和政策的引導支持,又要強化示范推廣及技術培訓,以期促進該項技術的快速發展。
關鍵詞:滴灌水肥一體化技術,簡易水肥一體化技術,應用,問題,對策
ABSTRACT
Water shortage and low fertilizer efficiency are the important factors that limitagricultural development. It is therefore of great importance to make better use of water andfertilizers under limited resources. The Northwest region, as one of the major grainproduction base in China, is rich of light and land resources, but lack of rainfall and high inevaporation, which limits the agricultural development. Implement of drip and simplefertigation technology is an important way to improve water and fertilizer use efficiency.
With the development of intensive agriculture, fertigation technology is obtaining more andmore attention, but a lot of problems still exist in the promotion and adaptation of thistechnology. Based on the social practice and literature review, we thoroughly analyzed theproblems exist in the adaptation of drip and simple fertigation, and also proposedcountermeasure of those problems. The major findings were included below:
(1)Both drip and simple fertigation have the advantage of saving water, fertilizer, andlabor as well as economical beneficial, and also can increase water and fertilizer useefficiency. However, the drip fertigation is easier to automatically manage in a large scale.
Although salt accumulation and pipe blockage can happen in the employment of dripfertigation, it can be solved by appropriately selecting irrigation equipment and rationallyoperating. In contrast to simple fertigation, drip fertigation need higher investment initially,which can result in economic burden to the local farmers. However, simple fertigationtechnology can make up this shortcoming, and is suitable for small scale farmers planting.
(2)Although, both of the fertigation technologies rapidly developed in China, but thefollowing problems are existing in the adaptation of these technologies: the research on themechanisms of high yield and high efficiency is rare; invention of equipment and advancedsoluble fertilizer are less; lack of professional guidance; the technology promotion isbackward; weak in popularization; consciousness of the farmers are weak; the approaches forfarmers to learning are scarce; lack of support and supervision from the government. To solvethese mentioned problems, we proposed the following suggestions: persist in governmentguidance and national policy support; insisting in adjusting local conditions and rationalarrangement; strengthening the basic research of fertigation technology; increasing theinvestment of technology promotion; enhance publicity and improve training work.
In conclusion, to promote the adaptation of fertigation technology, it is not onlynecessary to promote technological innovation and policy guidance, but also enhance thedemonstration and technical training, which could therefore accelerate the development ofthese technologies.
KEY WORDS: Drip fertigation technology, Simple fertigation technology, Adaptation,Problem, Solutions
目 錄
第一章 文獻綜述
1.1 研究目的及意義
1.1.1 選題背景
1.1.2 研究目的
1.1.3 研究意義
1.2 國內外研究現狀
1.2.1 國外研究現狀
1.2.2 國內研究現狀
1.3 研究方法
1.4 研究技術路線
1.5 研究內容
第二章 滴灌水肥一體化技術
2.1 滴灌水肥一體化技術
2.1.1 滴灌水肥一體化系統組成
2.1.2 滴灌水肥一體化技術肥料選擇
2.1.3 玉米滴灌水肥一體化技術的應用
2.1.4 灌水肥一體化技術的優點
2.1.5 滴灌水肥一體化技術局限性
2.2 本章小結
第三章 簡易水肥一體化技術
3.1 簡易水肥一體化技術-施肥槍
3.1.1 施肥槍使用現狀
3.1.2 簡易水肥一體化技術系統組成
3.1.3 蘋果簡易水肥一體化技術的應用
3.1.4 簡易水肥一體化技術優缺點
3.2 本章小結
第四章 水肥一體化技術推廣應用中存在的問題及解決對策
4.1 水肥一體化技術研究層面問題
4.1.1 水肥一體化技術高產高效機理研究少
4.1.2 技術配套設備及高端全水溶肥研發較少
4.2 水肥一體化技術推廣層面問題
4.2.1 缺乏水肥方面專業人才指導
4.2.2 技術推廣手段落后
4.2.3 政府對水肥一體化技術推廣支撐不足,缺乏監管
4.3 農民對水肥一體化技術接受層面問題
4.3.1 在水肥一體化技術推廣中農民的主體意識不強
4.3.2 農戶學習及了解水肥一體化技術的途徑很少
4.4 推廣水肥一體化技術的對策
4.4.1 堅持政府引導、國家政策扶持
4.4.2 堅持因地制宜,合理布局的原則
4.4.3 加強水肥一體化技術基礎性研究
4.4.4 加大農業科技技術推廣投入力度
4.4.5 大力宣傳,做好水肥一體化技術培訓工作
4.5 本章小結
第五章 結論與展望
5.1 主要結論
5.2 本文不足之處
5.3 展望
參考文獻
致 謝