摘 要
表達自由是指公民有權利通過語言、文字、圖像、行動表達個人觀點的自由。
我國憲法第三十五條規定：“中華人民共和國公民有言論、出版、集會、結社、游行、示威的自由?！边@是我國關于保護表達自由的核心條款?！吨腥A人民共和國集會游行示威法》、《中華人民共和國著作權保護 》、《中華人民共和國出版自由法》等以及一系列法規、規章是對表達自由的具體規定?；ヂ摼W日新月異的發展，不僅改變了個人的生活，也改變著國家的政治、經濟、文化。2015 年，隨著國家“互聯網+”行動計劃的提出和推進，互聯網對于整體社會的影響進入到新的階段。截至 2015 年 12 月，中國網民規模達 6.88 億，全年共計新增網民3951 萬人?；ヂ摼W普及率為 50.3%,較 2014 年底提升了 2.4 個百分點。網絡表達也以一種非常重要的表達方式進入了人們生活。網絡表達自由的概念是在言論自由基礎上延伸而來。網絡表達自由是指通過互聯網表達言論、搜集和傳播信息的自由?；ヂ摼W的開放性、匿名性和無中心性一方面保障公民充分行使表達自由的權利，提高了公民政治參與熱情，從而有利于我國民主政治建設；另一方面由于立法的缺陷、執法的困難以及網民素質不一，網絡表達威脅國家安全、侵犯公民隱私權、名譽權等違法行為屢禁不止。所以對網絡表達自由進行科學合理的規制十分必要。我國對互聯網的規制的法律目前只有一部《關于維護互聯網安全的決定》和四部行政法規，以及規章和地方性法律法規，而涉及網絡表達自由的規定內容分散，沒有形成一個統一的體系，這就為我國的司法實踐帶來了困難。
本文的目的就是通過梳理我國關于規制網絡表達自由的法律法規，找出其中的不完善之處并分析其產生原因，在列舉國外關于規制網絡表達自由的先進經驗的同時，立足本國國情，加以借鑒吸收，為完善我國關于網絡表達自由的法律規制做出綿薄之力。
本文共包括五部分：第一部分論述了網絡表達自由的基本理論，區分了表達自由與言論自由的概念。表達自由比言論自由范圍更廣，形式更豐富，是現在學者比較關注的新課題。表達自由借助于互聯網的平臺，就產生了網絡表達自由這個概念。網絡表達自由呈現出虛擬性、無國界性、以及極大推進民主性的特點，成為人權的新形式，因而也具備憲法的權利屬性。
第二部分論述了關于網絡表達自由的限制理論。由于我國網絡用戶和網站數量之多，以及網民的法律意識不健全，出現了許多違法犯罪現象。如利用網絡散布危害國家安全的言論、濫用網絡表達侵犯公民名譽權、進行“人肉搜索”侵犯公民隱私權等。所以對網絡表達自由的規制問題迫在眉睫。目前關于表達自由的限制理論有兩種立場和四種原則，兩種立場是絕對主義立場和相對主義立場。關于表達自由的原則有比例原則、利益衡量原則、明顯而即刻的危險原則和事前審查原則。這些理論及原則都為限制網絡表達自由提供了借鑒。
第三部分著重論述了我國規范網絡表達自由的立法現狀與不足。關于規制網絡表達自由的法律分為一般法律和特殊法律。一般法律包括《憲法》、《民法》、《侵權責任法》、《治安管理處罰法》等；特殊法律是指規范互聯網的專門法律，包括一部法律和四部法規以規章。分析這些法律法規可以發現有以下一些問題：
法律效力層次整體較低、法律內容內存在重復或空缺、重規制輕保護等。這些問題都為規制互聯網表達自由產生了阻礙。
第四部分介紹了國外關于規制互聯網表達自由的立法模式與司法實踐。美國相對來說持重開放輕規制的“自下而上”的模式，德國和韓國實行對網絡表達自由嚴格規制的“自上而下”的模式，而韓國在實行“上網實名制”上的經驗教訓也值得我國深思。
第五部分綜合分析上文，提出了完善我國網絡表達自由法律規制的幾點建議：在完善網絡表達自由立法方面提出了將網絡表達自由納入憲法保護體系，使規制網絡表達“名正言順”、提高立法層級、出臺專門系統的網絡表達自由規制法、轉變立法觀念、增強對網絡表達自由的保護、建立救濟系統及國家賠償程序等；在重視行業自律方面，支持互聯網行業協會的發展壯大、鼓勵制定規則解決糾紛；在加強國際合作方面，應該積極參與國際互聯網管理規則的建立，創建討論研究的國際平臺，提高在互聯網方面的話語權。
關鍵詞：表達自由 網絡表達自由 網絡表達自由的限度
Abstract
“Freedom of Expression” denotes the civic rights to express personal opinionsfreely by language, written words, image and actions. The Article 35 of theConstitution specifies that “Citizens of P. R. China holds the rights of freedom onspeeches, publishments, assemblies, forming associations, processions anddemonstrations.” This is the core article of our national protection on “Freedom ofExpression”. A series of ordinances such as “Law of P. R. China on Assemblies,Processions and Demonstrations”, “Copyright Law of P. R. China”, “Freedom ofpublication of P. R. China” are specific provisions on Freedom of Expression.
However, the incessant changes of Internet are not only changing personal life, butalso our national politics, economics and culture. In the year 2015, as the action planof “Internet Plus” had been proposed and pushed forward, the effects of Internet forthe whole society reached a new stage. Until Dec 2015, Chinese netizens had reached688,000,000（six hundred and eighty-eight million）， with 39,510,000（thirty-ninemillion five hundred and ten thousand） new ones in this year. The popularity rate ofInternet was 50.3%, with 2.4% yearly expansion. Internet expression has also enteredcivic life as an important method of expression. “Freedom of Expression on Internet”was developed from “Freedom of Speech”. It means “the freedom in expressingspeeches, collection and dissemination of information on Internet”. Internet isanonymous and open. It also has no center property. It provides netizens a completeright to express freely and a growing passion to participate in politics, which isbeneficial to the construction of democracy. However, with the legislative defects, lawenforcement difficulties and poor personal qualities, violations on other citizens suchas privacy rights or reputations keep repeating. Therefore, it's important to set ascientific and rational regulation for Freedom of Expression on Internet. Now inChina, in controlling the Internet, there is only “The decision on safeguarding InternetSecurity” and four administrative regulations. The related regulations are unnecessaryrepeated and vague. There is no united system till now, which has resulted difficultiesin judicial practice.
The purpose of this thesis is to comb the laws and ordinances to regulate Internetin our country, so as to find the defects and seek those causes. By presenting foreignexperience on regulating Freedom of Expression on Internet, the thesis wishes thatChina can benefit from it while basing on our own national conditions. The thesis alsowishes to help China to complete the laws on Freedom of Expression on Internet.
This thesis contains five parts:
Part one talks about basic theory of Internet expression. Part one also states thedifferences between “Freedom of Expression” and “Freedom of Speech”. “Freedom ofExpression” possesses a greater range and richer forms. As a new topic, it's muchmore valued by scholars. With the help of Internet platform, Freedom of Expressiondevelops into “Freedom of Expression on Internet”, which presents a virtual,borderless and growing democratic feature, becoming a new form of human rights.
Therefore, it also possesses the feature of constitutional rights.
Part two talks about limit theories on Freedom of Expression on Internet.
Because a numerous number of netizens and websites in China, and Chinese netizens'incompleteness understanding laws and ordinances for Internet, these two facts resultin endless network crime and tortious acts, such as scattering rumors which harmsnational security, infringing citizen's right of reputation on Internet, “Cyber Manhunt”and so on. It is urgent to set regulations for Internet. Now the Theory of Constraints ofFreedom of Expression's possesses two standpoints: Absolutism and Relativism; andfour principles: Principle of Proportionality, Principle of Interest Balancing, Principleof Clear and immediate danger and Principle of Prior Review. These theories are allproviding samples for regulating Freedom of Expression on Internet.
Part three emphasizes the present situation and defects of our legislation forInternet regulation. Laws regulating “Freedom of Expression on Internet” weredivided into general laws and special laws. General laws protect the regulations madeby Constitution and other laws or regulations. Special laws are specially created forregulating Internet, which possess one law and four ordinances. By analyzing theseordinances, such defects were exposed: basically low in the level of law effect;empties and superfluities appearing in content of law; valuing regulations whileneglecting protections. Such defects are obstacles in Internet regulation.
Part four introduces foreign legislation forms and judicial practice on Internetregulation. Relatively, the United States of America holds a form of “From Top toBottom”, which valuing open and neglecting regulation. Germany and South Koreaholds a “From Top to Bottom” form while strict regulating Internet expressions.
Besides, “The Internet real name system” of South Korea gave great lessons andexperiences, which worth our country to think deeply.
Part five is a summary, making suggestions for completing regulations onFreedom of Expression on Internet for China. For completing legislation: Internetexpression should be put into the Constitution system and protected by it, so theregulation of Internet expression will be much more official. Legislation level shouldbe raised. Special laws for Internet expression should be made and systematized.
Legislative concepts need to be changed. Freedom of Expression on Internet shouldbe better protected. Relief system and national compensation procedure should beestablished and so on. For the industry self-regulation, the development of IDSC（Information Dissemination Service Center） needs assistance. Government shouldinspire IDSC setting regulations to deal with disputes. For strengthen internationalcooperation, China should actively participate in the establishment of Internetmanagement rules, helping to provide a national research platform. With it, China willbe able to acquire better discourse power about Internet.
Keywords: Freedom of Expression Freedom of Expression on InternetLimitation of Freedom Expression on Internet
目 錄
中文摘要
英文摘要
引 言
一、 網絡表達自由的基本問題
（一） 表達自由
1. 表達自由的概念
2. 表達自由與言論自由
（二） 網絡表達自由的概念及相關理論
1. 網絡表達自由的概念
2. 網絡表達自由的特點
3. 網絡表達自由的憲法權利屬性
二、 網絡表達自由的限度
（一） 網絡表達自由與其他法益的沖突
1. 網絡表達自由與公共安全的沖突
2. 網絡表達自由與名譽權的沖突
3. 網絡表達自由與隱私權的沖突
（二） 限制網絡表達自由的立場與原則
1. 兩種限制立場
2. 四種限制原則
三、 我國網絡表達自由的規范現狀與不足
（一） 我國關于網絡表達自由的立法現狀
1. 憲法關于表達自由的規定
2. 法律法規對表達自由的規定
3. 規范互聯網的專門法律
（二） 我國關于網絡表達自由法律規范的不足
1. 法律效力層次整體較低
2. 法律內容存在重復或空缺
3. 未明確規定對未成年人的保護
4. 對網絡表達自由重規制輕保護
四、 國外規制網絡表達自由的模式及實踐
（一） 美國的法律規制模式及實踐
（二） 德國的法律規制模式及實踐
（三） 韓國的法律規制模式及實踐
五、 完善我國網絡表達自由法律規制的幾點建議
（一） 完善網絡表達立法
1. 將網絡表達自由權納入憲法保護體系中
2. 提高立法層級，出臺專門法律
3. 轉變立法觀念，增強對網絡表達自由的保護
4. 推廣使用網絡技術，將成年人與未成年人區別對待
5. 增強對個人信息的保護
（二） 充分發揮行業自律和個人自律的作用
1. 充分發揮行業自律作用
2. 充分發揮個人自律作用
（三） 加強國際合作
結 論
參考文獻
后 記
表達自由是指公民有權利通過語言、文字、圖像、行動表達個人觀點的自由。
我國憲法第三十五條規定：“中華人民共和國公民有言論、出版、集會、結社、游行、示威的自由?！边@是我國關于保護表達自由的核心條款?！吨腥A人民共和國集會游行示威法》、《中華人民共和國著作權保護 》、《中華人民共和國出版自由法》等以及一系列法規、規章是對表達自由的具體規定?；ヂ摼W日新月異的發展，不僅改變了個人的生活，也改變著國家的政治、經濟、文化。2015 年，隨著國家“互聯網+”行動計劃的提出和推進，互聯網對于整體社會的影響進入到新的階段。截至 2015 年 12 月，中國網民規模達 6.88 億，全年共計新增網民3951 萬人?；ヂ摼W普及率為 50.3%,較 2014 年底提升了 2.4 個百分點。網絡表達也以一種非常重要的表達方式進入了人們生活。網絡表達自由的概念是在言論自由基礎上延伸而來。網絡表達自由是指通過互聯網表達言論、搜集和傳播信息的自由?；ヂ摼W的開放性、匿名性和無中心性一方面保障公民充分行使表達自由的權利，提高了公民政治參與熱情，從而有利于我國民主政治建設；另一方面由于立法的缺陷、執法的困難以及網民素質不一，網絡表達威脅國家安全、侵犯公民隱私權、名譽權等違法行為屢禁不止。所以對網絡表達自由進行科學合理的規制十分必要。我國對互聯網的規制的法律目前只有一部《關于維護互聯網安全的決定》和四部行政法規，以及規章和地方性法律法規，而涉及網絡表達自由的規定內容分散，沒有形成一個統一的體系，這就為我國的司法實踐帶來了困難。
本文的目的就是通過梳理我國關于規制網絡表達自由的法律法規，找出其中的不完善之處并分析其產生原因，在列舉國外關于規制網絡表達自由的先進經驗的同時，立足本國國情，加以借鑒吸收，為完善我國關于網絡表達自由的法律規制做出綿薄之力。
本文共包括五部分：第一部分論述了網絡表達自由的基本理論，區分了表達自由與言論自由的概念。表達自由比言論自由范圍更廣，形式更豐富，是現在學者比較關注的新課題。表達自由借助于互聯網的平臺，就產生了網絡表達自由這個概念。網絡表達自由呈現出虛擬性、無國界性、以及極大推進民主性的特點，成為人權的新形式，因而也具備憲法的權利屬性。
第二部分論述了關于網絡表達自由的限制理論。由于我國網絡用戶和網站數量之多，以及網民的法律意識不健全，出現了許多違法犯罪現象。如利用網絡散布危害國家安全的言論、濫用網絡表達侵犯公民名譽權、進行“人肉搜索”侵犯公民隱私權等。所以對網絡表達自由的規制問題迫在眉睫。目前關于表達自由的限制理論有兩種立場和四種原則，兩種立場是絕對主義立場和相對主義立場。關于表達自由的原則有比例原則、利益衡量原則、明顯而即刻的危險原則和事前審查原則。這些理論及原則都為限制網絡表達自由提供了借鑒。
第三部分著重論述了我國規范網絡表達自由的立法現狀與不足。關于規制網絡表達自由的法律分為一般法律和特殊法律。一般法律包括《憲法》、《民法》、《侵權責任法》、《治安管理處罰法》等；特殊法律是指規范互聯網的專門法律，包括一部法律和四部法規以規章。分析這些法律法規可以發現有以下一些問題：
法律效力層次整體較低、法律內容內存在重復或空缺、重規制輕保護等。這些問題都為規制互聯網表達自由產生了阻礙。
第四部分介紹了國外關于規制互聯網表達自由的立法模式與司法實踐。美國相對來說持重開放輕規制的“自下而上”的模式，德國和韓國實行對網絡表達自由嚴格規制的“自上而下”的模式，而韓國在實行“上網實名制”上的經驗教訓也值得我國深思。
第五部分綜合分析上文，提出了完善我國網絡表達自由法律規制的幾點建議：在完善網絡表達自由立法方面提出了將網絡表達自由納入憲法保護體系，使規制網絡表達“名正言順”、提高立法層級、出臺專門系統的網絡表達自由規制法、轉變立法觀念、增強對網絡表達自由的保護、建立救濟系統及國家賠償程序等；在重視行業自律方面，支持互聯網行業協會的發展壯大、鼓勵制定規則解決糾紛；在加強國際合作方面，應該積極參與國際互聯網管理規則的建立，創建討論研究的國際平臺，提高在互聯網方面的話語權。
關鍵詞：表達自由 網絡表達自由 網絡表達自由的限度
Abstract
“Freedom of Expression” denotes the civic rights to express personal opinionsfreely by language, written words, image and actions. The Article 35 of theConstitution specifies that “Citizens of P. R. China holds the rights of freedom onspeeches, publishments, assemblies, forming associations, processions anddemonstrations.” This is the core article of our national protection on “Freedom ofExpression”. A series of ordinances such as “Law of P. R. China on Assemblies,Processions and Demonstrations”, “Copyright Law of P. R. China”, “Freedom ofpublication of P. R. China” are specific provisions on Freedom of Expression.
However, the incessant changes of Internet are not only changing personal life, butalso our national politics, economics and culture. In the year 2015, as the action planof “Internet Plus” had been proposed and pushed forward, the effects of Internet forthe whole society reached a new stage. Until Dec 2015, Chinese netizens had reached688,000,000（six hundred and eighty-eight million）， with 39,510,000（thirty-ninemillion five hundred and ten thousand） new ones in this year. The popularity rate ofInternet was 50.3%, with 2.4% yearly expansion. Internet expression has also enteredcivic life as an important method of expression. “Freedom of Expression on Internet”was developed from “Freedom of Speech”. It means “the freedom in expressingspeeches, collection and dissemination of information on Internet”. Internet isanonymous and open. It also has no center property. It provides netizens a completeright to express freely and a growing passion to participate in politics, which isbeneficial to the construction of democracy. However, with the legislative defects, lawenforcement difficulties and poor personal qualities, violations on other citizens suchas privacy rights or reputations keep repeating. Therefore, it's important to set ascientific and rational regulation for Freedom of Expression on Internet. Now inChina, in controlling the Internet, there is only “The decision on safeguarding InternetSecurity” and four administrative regulations. The related regulations are unnecessaryrepeated and vague. There is no united system till now, which has resulted difficultiesin judicial practice.
The purpose of this thesis is to comb the laws and ordinances to regulate Internetin our country, so as to find the defects and seek those causes. By presenting foreignexperience on regulating Freedom of Expression on Internet, the thesis wishes thatChina can benefit from it while basing on our own national conditions. The thesis alsowishes to help China to complete the laws on Freedom of Expression on Internet.
This thesis contains five parts:
Part one talks about basic theory of Internet expression. Part one also states thedifferences between “Freedom of Expression” and “Freedom of Speech”. “Freedom ofExpression” possesses a greater range and richer forms. As a new topic, it's muchmore valued by scholars. With the help of Internet platform, Freedom of Expressiondevelops into “Freedom of Expression on Internet”, which presents a virtual,borderless and growing democratic feature, becoming a new form of human rights.
Therefore, it also possesses the feature of constitutional rights.
Part two talks about limit theories on Freedom of Expression on Internet.
Because a numerous number of netizens and websites in China, and Chinese netizens'incompleteness understanding laws and ordinances for Internet, these two facts resultin endless network crime and tortious acts, such as scattering rumors which harmsnational security, infringing citizen's right of reputation on Internet, “Cyber Manhunt”and so on. It is urgent to set regulations for Internet. Now the Theory of Constraints ofFreedom of Expression's possesses two standpoints: Absolutism and Relativism; andfour principles: Principle of Proportionality, Principle of Interest Balancing, Principleof Clear and immediate danger and Principle of Prior Review. These theories are allproviding samples for regulating Freedom of Expression on Internet.
Part three emphasizes the present situation and defects of our legislation forInternet regulation. Laws regulating “Freedom of Expression on Internet” weredivided into general laws and special laws. General laws protect the regulations madeby Constitution and other laws or regulations. Special laws are specially created forregulating Internet, which possess one law and four ordinances. By analyzing theseordinances, such defects were exposed: basically low in the level of law effect;empties and superfluities appearing in content of law; valuing regulations whileneglecting protections. Such defects are obstacles in Internet regulation.
Part four introduces foreign legislation forms and judicial practice on Internetregulation. Relatively, the United States of America holds a form of “From Top toBottom”, which valuing open and neglecting regulation. Germany and South Koreaholds a “From Top to Bottom” form while strict regulating Internet expressions.
Besides, “The Internet real name system” of South Korea gave great lessons andexperiences, which worth our country to think deeply.
Part five is a summary, making suggestions for completing regulations onFreedom of Expression on Internet for China. For completing legislation: Internetexpression should be put into the Constitution system and protected by it, so theregulation of Internet expression will be much more official. Legislation level shouldbe raised. Special laws for Internet expression should be made and systematized.
Legislative concepts need to be changed. Freedom of Expression on Internet shouldbe better protected. Relief system and national compensation procedure should beestablished and so on. For the industry self-regulation, the development of IDSC（Information Dissemination Service Center） needs assistance. Government shouldinspire IDSC setting regulations to deal with disputes. For strengthen internationalcooperation, China should actively participate in the establishment of Internetmanagement rules, helping to provide a national research platform. With it, China willbe able to acquire better discourse power about Internet.
Keywords: Freedom of Expression Freedom of Expression on InternetLimitation of Freedom Expression on Internet
目 錄
中文摘要
英文摘要
引 言
一、 網絡表達自由的基本問題
（一） 表達自由
1. 表達自由的概念
2. 表達自由與言論自由
（二） 網絡表達自由的概念及相關理論
1. 網絡表達自由的概念
2. 網絡表達自由的特點
3. 網絡表達自由的憲法權利屬性
二、 網絡表達自由的限度
（一） 網絡表達自由與其他法益的沖突
1. 網絡表達自由與公共安全的沖突
2. 網絡表達自由與名譽權的沖突
3. 網絡表達自由與隱私權的沖突
（二） 限制網絡表達自由的立場與原則
1. 兩種限制立場
2. 四種限制原則
三、 我國網絡表達自由的規范現狀與不足
（一） 我國關于網絡表達自由的立法現狀
1. 憲法關于表達自由的規定
2. 法律法規對表達自由的規定
3. 規范互聯網的專門法律
（二） 我國關于網絡表達自由法律規范的不足
1. 法律效力層次整體較低
2. 法律內容存在重復或空缺
3. 未明確規定對未成年人的保護
4. 對網絡表達自由重規制輕保護
四、 國外規制網絡表達自由的模式及實踐
（一） 美國的法律規制模式及實踐
（二） 德國的法律規制模式及實踐
（三） 韓國的法律規制模式及實踐
五、 完善我國網絡表達自由法律規制的幾點建議
（一） 完善網絡表達立法
1. 將網絡表達自由權納入憲法保護體系中
2. 提高立法層級，出臺專門法律
3. 轉變立法觀念，增強對網絡表達自由的保護
4. 推廣使用網絡技術，將成年人與未成年人區別對待
5. 增強對個人信息的保護
（二） 充分發揮行業自律和個人自律的作用
1. 充分發揮行業自律作用
2. 充分發揮個人自律作用
（三） 加強國際合作
結 論
參考文獻
后 記
